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steel building area

Толкование Перевод

1 steel building area

steel building area STB Stahlbaufläche f

English-german engineering dictionary > steel building area
2 area

area

n
1.   площадь (помещения, поверхности, фигуры и т. п.)

2.   площадка

3.   внутренний двор

4.   пространство, зона

5.   приямок (напр. у окна подвального этажа)

per unit area — на единицу площади

area under control — ж.-д. стрелочная зона

area under the load-deformation curve — площадь, ограниченная (участком) кривой нагрузка — деформация

- area of bending moment diagram
- area of contact
- areas of cut and fill
- area of economic influence
- area of flues
- area of influence
- area of load distribution
- area of loading
- area of operation
- area of planting
- area of pressure
- area of reinforcing steel
- area of steel
- area of water supply
- area of waterway
- area of well influence
- accommodation area
- acting area
- active drainage area
- actual area
- aerodrome movement area
- airport construction area
- approach area
- architectural area
- assisted area
- backwater area
- baggage break-down area
- basic floor area
- bearing area
- bearing area of a foundation
- blast area
- blighted area
- blight area
- blind area
- bond area
- building area
- build-up area
- catchment area
- clearance area
- comprehensive development area
- concreting area
- congested area
- conservation area
- construction area
- contact area
- core area
- critical runway area
- cross-sectional area
- dangerous area
- daylight area
- dead-leg area
- depressed area
- designated area
- designated development area
- developed area
- development area
- differential area
- diffusion area
- diked area
- discharge area
- disposal area
- distressed area
- downtown area
- drainage area
- dry area
- earthquake area
- effective area of an orifice
- effective area of concrete
- effective area of reinforcement
- environmental area
- extension area
- face area
- filter area
- fire area
- flooded area
- floor area
- flow area
- free area
- fringe area
- gross area
- gross floor area
- gross leasable area
- gross retail area
- hangar area
- hard-to-reach area
- heat transfer area
- honeycombed area
- improvement area
- industrial area
- infiltration area
- influence area
- intermediate area
- interstream area
- kern area
- landing area
- lateral area
- leveed area
- light ventilation area
- loaded area
- manufacturing area
- metropolitan area
- moment area
- net cross-sectional area
- net room area
- net sale area
- net site area
- net structural area
- nominal area
- nominal body area
- off-limits area
- off-street area
- off-street parking area
- open air exhibit area
- open storage area
- original cross-sectional area
- outlining area
- parking area
- passage area
- pile surface unit area
- plan area
- preferential urbanization area
- priority development area
- processing area
- profile area
- protected area
- protected built-up area
- public transportation area
- radiation restricted area
- receiving area
- recreational area
- redevelopment area
- reserved area
- residential area
- rest area
- restrict area
- restricted area
- room area
- runway safety area
- scenic area
- seasonally frozen area
- sectional area
- service area
- serviced area
- shearing area
- shooting area
- shopping area
- shopping core area
- slum area
- slum clearance area
- small area
- small built-up area
- soil area
- sports area
- staging area
- standard metropolitan statistical area
- storage area
- surface area
- swamp area
- take-off and landing area
- terminal control area
- tight work area
- total area of reinforcement
- touchdown area
- traffic movement area
- transportation area
- unbuilt area
- undershoot area
- undeveloped area
- unreachable area
- urban area
- usable floor area
- valve area
- warehouse area
- water protection area
- water supply area
- wetted area
- working area

Англо-русский строительный словарь. — М.: Русский Язык. С.Н.Корчемкина, С.К.Кашкина, С.В.Курбатова. 1995.

Англо-русский словарь строительных терминов > area
3 area

1) участок, район, площадь, зона, территория; ареал

2) площадка; внутренний двор

•

served by crane area — площадь, обслуживаемая краном

to allocate the area — выделять участок ( под строительную площадку)

to hand the area over to — передать участок (напр. в распоряжение подрядчика)

- area of airport terminal
- area of base - area of bearing - area of building - area of explosion - area of force - area of grate - area of harmfulness - area of heavy use of water - area of indentation - area of influence - area of influence line - area of moments - area of passage - area of pile head - area of reinforcement - area of section - area of steel - area of structure - area of the supposed construction - area of water section - area of well influence - abandoned area - active drainage area - administrative area - analysis area - ancillary area - assembly area - auxiliary area - backward area - bearing area - bending moments area - blighted area - blind area - blind drainage area - bond area - building area - built-on area - built-up area - catchment area - children's play area - clearance area - closed drainaged area - collecting area - common area - compression area - concrete area - congested area - conservation area - constructional area - contact area - control area - cross-section area - cross-sectional area - dead area - decontamination area - deficit area - densely populated area - depressed area - development area - diffusion area - dormitory area - drain area - drainage area - drainless area - drinking water protective area - dry area - dumping area - ecological risk area - effective area of concrete - emitting area - erection area - exit area - filter area - filtration area - floor area - flow area - flues area - gross area - gross residential area - gross site area - ground area of dwelling structures - housing area - improvement area - industrial area - infiltrating area - influence area - inlet area - intake area - interstream area - irrigated area - living area - living area per capita - loaded area - marginal reception area - market area - metropolitan area - moment area - natural drainage area - neglected area - neighbourhood area - net area - net floor area - net residential area - non-attainment area - non-contributing area - non-permit area - parking area - parking area per vehicle - play area - poor reception area - protected area - public area - punching shear area - rain area - recharge area - recreation area - reduced area - reference area - reinforcing steel area - rentable area - reserved area - residential area - sampling area - sectional area - sectorial area - seepage area of well - seismicity of the area - service area - setting area - settlement area - shear area - shopping area - spoil area - steel area - surface area - total area - turnaround area - unbuilt area - underprivilege area - unit area - unit surface area - urban area - urbanised area - usable floor area - waste area - water-collecting area - water-producing area - water quality problem area - water-shed area - water-surface area - wilderness area
* * *

1.   площадь (помещения, поверхности, фигуры и т. п.)

2.   площадка

3.   внутренний двор

4.   пространство, зона

5.   приямок (напр. у окна подвального этажа)

per unit area — на единицу площади

area under control — ж.-д. стрелочная зона

area under the load-deformation curve — площадь, ограниченная (участком) кривой нагрузка — деформация
- area of bending moment diagram
- area of contact
- areas of cut and fill
- area of economic influence
- area of flues
- area of influence
- area of load distribution
- area of loading
- area of operation
- area of planting
- area of pressure
- area of reinforcing steel
- area of steel
- area of water supply
- area of waterway
- area of well influence
- accommodation area
- acting area
- active drainage area
- actual area
- aerodrome movement area
- airport construction area
- approach area
- architectural area
- assisted area
- backwater area
- baggage break-down area
- basic floor area
- bearing area
- bearing area of a foundation
- blast area
- blighted area
- blight area
- blind area
- bond area
- building area
- build-up area
- catchment area
- clearance area
- comprehensive development area
- concreting area
- congested area
- conservation area
- construction area
- contact area
- core area
- critical runway area
- cross-sectional area
- dangerous area
- daylight area
- dead-leg area
- depressed area
- designated area
- designated development area
- developed area
- development area
- differential area
- diffusion area
- diked area
- discharge area
- disposal area
- distressed area
- downtown area
- drainage area
- dry area
- earthquake area
- effective area of an orifice
- effective area of concrete
- effective area of reinforcement
- environmental area
- extension area
- face area
- filter area
- fire area
- flooded area
- floor area
- flow area
- free area
- fringe area
- gross area
- gross floor area
- gross leasable area
- gross retail area
- hangar area
- hard-to-reach area
- heat transfer area
- honeycombed area
- improvement area
- industrial area
- infiltration area
- influence area
- intermediate area
- interstream area
- kern area
- landing area
- lateral area
- leveed area
- light ventilation area
- loaded area
- manufacturing area
- metropolitan area
- moment area
- net cross-sectional area
- net room area
- net sale area
- net site area
- net structural area
- nominal area
- nominal body area
- off-limits area
- off-street area
- off-street parking area
- open air exhibit area
- open storage area
- original cross-sectional area
- outlining area
- parking area
- passage area
- pile surface unit area
- plan area
- preferential urbanization area
- priority development area
- processing area
- profile area
- protected area
- protected built-up area
- public transportation area
- radiation restricted area
- receiving area
- recreational area
- redevelopment area
- reserved area
- residential area
- rest area
- restrict area
- restricted area
- room area
- runway safety area
- scenic area
- seasonally frozen area
- sectional area
- service area
- serviced area
- shearing area
- shooting area
- shopping area
- shopping core area
- slum area
- slum clearance area
- small area
- small built-up area
- soil area
- sports area
- staging area
- standard metropolitan statistical area
- storage area
- surface area
- swamp area
- take-off and landing area
- terminal control area
- tight work area
- total area of reinforcement
- touchdown area
- traffic movement area
- transportation area
- unbuilt area
- undershoot area
- undeveloped area
- unreachable area
- urban area
- usable floor area
- valve area
- warehouse area
- water protection area
- water supply area
- wetted area
- working area

Англо-русский строительный словарь > area
4 area

1) площадь; пространство

2) область; сфера; зона; район

3) поверхность

4) (производственный) участок; помещение; площадка

5) рабочая ячейка ( склада)

•

equal in area — равновеликий;

areaserved by crane — зона действия крана

area of ball imprint — площадь отпечатка шарика ( при определении твёрдости вдавливанием)

area of base — площадь основания, площадь подошвы фундамента

area of bearing — 1. площадь опоры 2. строит. площадка опирания

area of contact — площадь поверхности контакта

area of diagram — площадь эпюры; площадь графика

area of fracture — 1. поверхность излома 2. площадь поперечного сечения в месте разрушения

area or influence — горн. площадь влияния

area of occurrence — возд. район происшествия

area of water section — гидр. площадь живого сечения потока

area of well influence — зона влияния колодца или скважины

-
absorption area
-
active area
-
actual contact area
-
actuating area
-
actuation probability area
-
addressable area
-
adjustment control area
-
advisory area
-
air intake hazard area
-
aircraft parking area
-
airflow separation area
-
airport construction area
-
airport prohibited area
-
airport service area
-
air-route area
-
alighting area
-
alloy storage area
-
annulus area
-
antenna effective area
-
antenna area
-
antinode area
-
aperture area
-
approach area
-
ash-disposal area
-
auditory area
-
backwater area
-
bare area
-
base area
-
bearing surface area
-
binding area
-
blade area
-
blade-exit area
-
blind area
-
blind drainage area
-
boarding area
-
bolted area
-
bonding area
-
bond area
-
bore area
-
bubble-melt surface area
-
buffer area
-
building area
-
built-up area
-
burning area
-
catalyst surface area
-
catchment area
-
caved area
-
central equipment area
-
centralized telecine area
-
centralized traffic area
-
centralized video tape area
-
charge-makeup area
-
charging area
-
chip area
-
choke-tube area
-
circling approach area
-
clean processing area
-
clearance area
-
climb-out area
-
clinch area
-
coal area
-
coherence area
-
cold area
-
commanded area
-
common area
-
compression area
-
concrete area
-
cone effect area
-
congested area
-
connector area
-
conservation area
-
constant area
-
contact area
-
contact spot area
-
contaminated area
-
contamination control area
-
contiguous area
-
contour area of contact
-
control area
-
controlled access area
-
cooling area
-
corrosion area
-
coverage area
-
crimp area
-
critical area
-
cross-sectional area
-
cross-section area
-
cutting area
-
cylinder annular area
-
dangerous area
-
data-rich area
-
data-sparse area
-
data-void area
-
decontamination area
-
demixing area
-
design wing area
-
developed area
-
developed blade area
-
development area
-
die attach area
-
diked area
-
direct transit area
-
discharge area
-
display area
-
disposal area
-
dot area
-
downstream area
-
drainage area
-
drainless area
-
dry area
-
dynamic area
-
echoing area
-
echo area
-
effective area
-
effective braking area
-
effective cross-sectional area
-
effective cross-section area
-
effective screening area
-
effects area
-
electrical contact area
-
electroded area
-
elemental area
-
enclosed working area
-
end safety area
-
engineering area
-
environmentally fragile area
-
exchange area
-
exclusion area
-
exhaust area
-
expanded blade area
-
expanded area
-
exposure area
-
face area
-
fan blast area
-
felling area
-
fenced-off area
-
fetch area
-
fill area
-
film-editing area
-
filter effective area
-
filter open area
-
filtering area
-
finished-products storage area
-
fixed area
-
flame area
-
flooded area
-
flood-free area
-
flooding area
-
floor area
-
flow area
-
focus area
-
forbidden area
-
free-surface area
-
fringe area
-
functional area
-
furnace area
-
fusing area
-
fusion area
-
gases shear area
-
gasket surface area
-
gassy area
-
gathering area
-
gob area
-
graticule area
-
gray-scale picture area
-
gross cross-sectional area
-
gross cross-section area
-
gross irrigable area
-
ground contact area
-
gutter area
-
hard-core area
-
hard-to-reach area
-
hearth area
-
heat dissipation area
-
heat-affected area
-
heating area
-
heat-transfer area
-
high-activity area
-
high-beat area
-
high-radiation area
-
holding area
-
hot area
-
housing area
-
illuminated area
-
image area
-
impact area
-
impression area
-
inactive area
-
ingot-stripping area
-
input area
-
instantaneous area of flame front
-
instruction area
-
intended landing area
-
interfacial area
-
interference area
-
interlocking area
-
inundated area
-
junction area
-
knuckle area
-
land area
-
landing area
-
lateral area
-
lift irrigation area
-
lift-off area
-
link overlapped area
-
living area
-
living floor area
-
load-and-unload area
-
load-carrying area
-
loading area
-
loadout area
-
localized areas of wear
-
low-radiation area
-
makeup area
-
maneuvering area
-
man-impacted area
-
manned area
-
manual setting-up area
-
melting area
-
mesa area
-
metropolitan area
-
mining area
-
mirror area
-
mold conditioning area
-
mold opening area
-
moment area
-
movement area
-
mush area
-
natural area
-
net cross-sectional area
-
net cross-section area
-
neutron migration area
-
nominal contact area
-
noncontact area
-
nonimage area
-
nonmoving area
-
nonoccupied area
-
nonprinting area
-
nonstorage area
-
nonutilizable area
-
normally occupied area
-
nose area
-
nuclear area
-
numbering area
-
obstructed landing area
-
open area
-
open flow area
-
outgassed area
-
output area
-
overrun safety area
-
pallet area
-
patch area
-
pattern area
-
payable area
-
percent shear area
-
personnel and utility area
-
phosphor area
-
photolithographic area
-
picture area
-
poor-reception area
-
port area
-
presentation area
-
pressing area
-
prewarming area
-
primary area
-
primary service area
-
printing area
-
production area
-
production control area
-
programmed operating area
-
prohibited area
-
projectedblade area
-
projected area
-
propeller disk area
-
protected area
-
quality-control area
-
quality area
-
quench area
-
quiet area
-
radar area
-
radiation-control area
-
real area of contact
-
recording area
-
record area
-
refining area
-
regeneration area
-
reinforcing steel area
-
rerecording area
-
reservoir surface area
-
reservoir area
-
residential area
-
resident area
-
residential floor area
-
restricted area
-
retarder area
-
rig deck area
-
risk area
-
robot area
-
roof contact area
-
rubbing path area
-
rudder area
-
run-up area
-
rural area
-
safe operating area
-
safety area
-
sail area
-
save area
-
scanned area
-
scrap-consuming area
-
scrap-disposal area
-
scrap-grading area
-
scratch area
-
screen area
-
sealing area
-
seal area
-
search area
-
secondary area
-
sectional area
-
section area
-
seeking area
-
segregated area
-
service area
-
serviceable area
-
setting-up area
-
shaded area
-
shadow area
-
shareable area
-
shoe pad transition area
-
shooting area
-
sintering area
-
site area
-
skip area
-
slag-line area
-
slot area
-
slowing-down area of neutron
-
snow-covered area
-
solid area
-
sound area
-
sound-track area
-
special work permit area
-
specific floor area
-
specific surface area
-
spliced area
-
spoil area
-
stack area
-
stockline area
-
stool conditioning area
-
storage area
-
stripped area
-
subsidence area
-
superheated area
-
surface area
-
switching area
-
takeoff area
-
takeoff flight path area
-
tape area
-
taphole area
-
target area
-
technical-equipment area
-
technical area
-
telecine area
-
tension area
-
terminal area
-
terminal control area
-
test area
-
throat area
-
tongs area of pipe
-
tool service area
-
tool-presetting area
-
total area
-
total irrigation area
-
total tuyere area
-
transient area
-
turnaround area
-
tuyere area
-
type area
-
unattacked area
-
undershoot area
-
ungaged area
-
uniform area
-
unobstructed landing area
-
upstream area
-
urban area
-
usable area
-
user area
-
valve fillet area
-
valve seating face area
-
video tape recording area
-
video tape area
-
viewing area
-
vision control area
-
vulnerable area
-
waste area
-
waste-metal area
-
waste-storage area
-
water catchment area
-
waterplane area
-
water-surface area
-
wear track area
-
weld metal area
-
well drainage area
-
wellhead area
-
wetted area
-
wildlife area
-
window area
-
worked-out area
-
working area
-
yard area
-
yoke area

Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > area
5 power center
1. комплектное устройство первичного распределения электроэнергии
2. главный распределительный щит
главный распределительный щит (ГРЩ)
Распределительный щит, через который снабжается электроэнергией все здание или его обособленная часть. Роль ГРЩ может выполнять ВРУ или щит низкого напряжения подстанции.
[ПУЭ]

главный распределительный щит
Электрощит в здании, обеспечивающий распределение энергии между подключенными к нему нагрузками и включение аварийных систем при падении напряжения.
[ ГОСТ Р 51321. 3-99 ( МЭК 60439-3-90)]
[ ГОСТ Р 50571.28-2006]

EN

main distribution board
board in the building which fulfils all the functions of a main electrical distribution for the supply building area assigned to it and where the voltage drop is measured for operating the safety services
[IEC 60364-7-710, ed. 1.0 (2002-11)]

FR

tableau général de distribution
tableau de distribution dans le bâtiment remplissant toutes les fonctions d’un tableau général de distribution pour l’alimentation de la zone qui lui est dédiée et où la chute de tension est mesurée pour le fonctionnement des services de sécurité
[IEC 60364-7-710, ed. 1.0 (2002-11)]

Главный распределительный щит (ГРЩ) на ток 6300 А
[http://www.uzoelectro.ru/catalogue/group-383/product-36465/ ]

Тематики
- НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)
- электроснабжение в целом
- электроустановки
Синонимы
- ГРЩ
EN
FR
- tableau général de distribution
комплектное устройство первичного распределения электроэнергии
-
[Интент]

Рис. ABB

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

They are usually installed on the load side of MV/LV transformers or generators.
These assemblies include one or more incoming units, bus ties and a relatively reduced number of outgoing units.
There are also present measuring instruments and other switching and control equipment.
These assemblies have a sturdy structure to withstand the electrodynamic stresses and the weight of big sized apparatus.
As a matter of fact peculiar characteristics of the power center are high rated currents and shortcircuit currents.
The constructional type is a cubicle structure, with metal enclosure and sections divided into compartments with selective access.
[ABB]

Такие устройства обычно подключают на стороне нагрузки СВ/НВ трансформаторов или генераторов.
В их состав входят один или несколько блоков ввода, шины и относительно небольшое число блоков вывода.
В состав комплектного устройства первичного распределения электроэнергии входят также измерительные приборы, коммутационные устройства и средства контроля состояния.
Данные комплектные устройства имеют прочную конструкцию, способную выдерживать электродинамическое действие токов и вес крупногабаритной аппаратуры.
Центры распределения электроэнергии характеризуются высокими номинальным током и током короткого замыкания.
С точки зрения конструктивного исполнения они представляют собой многошкафное комплектное устройство в металлической оболочке, состоящее из секций, каждая из которых разделена на отсеки с независимым доступом.
[Перевод Интент]

Safety enclosed boards are used for most new installations. Common terms used to designate equipment of this type are metal-enclosed switchgear and metal-clad switchgear.
Most safety enclosed boards are of the unit or sectional type. They consist of a combination of the desired number and type of standardized unit sections.
Each section is a standard factory-assembled combination of a formed steel panel and apparatus mounted on a steel framework.

Safety enclosed switchgear may be classified with respect to purpose of application as follows:
1. General medium- or high-voltage switchgear
2. Primary unit substations
3. Rectifier unit substations
4. Secondary unit substations or power centers
5. General low-voltage switchgear
6. Low-voltage distribution switchboards
7. Motor-control-center switchboards

[American electricians’ handbook]

Тематики
- НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)
- комплектное распред. устройство (КРУ)
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > power center
6 Holabird, William

SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building, Civil engineering

[br]

b. 11 September 1854 American Union, New York, USA

d. 19 July 1923 Evanston, Illinois, USA

[br]

American architect who contributed to the development of steel framing, a type of structure that rendered possible the erection of the skyscraper.

[br]

The American skyscraper was, in the 1870s and 1880s, very much the creation of what came to be known as the Chicago school of architecture. It was the most important American contribution to the urban architectural scene. At this time conditions were ripe for this type of office development, and in the big cities, notably Chicago and New York, steeply rising land values provided the incentive to build high; the structural means to do so had been triggered by the then low costs of making quality iron and steel. The skyscraper appeared after the invention of the passenger lift by Otis and the pioneer steel-frame work of Jenney. In 1875 Holabird was working in Jenney's office in Chicago. By 1883 he had set up in private practice, joined by another young architect, Martin Roche (1855–1927), and together they were responsible for the Tacoma Building (1887–9) in Chicago. In this structure the two front façades were entirely non-load-bearing and were carried by an internal steel skeleton; only the rear walls were load-bearing. The design of the building was not revolutionary (this had to wait for L.H. Sullivan) but was traditional in form. It was the possibility of being able to avoid load-bearing outer walls that enabled a building to rise above some nine storeys, and the thirteen-storeyed Tacoma Building pointed the way to the future development of the skyscraper. The firm of Holabird \& Roche continued in the following decades in Chicago to design and construct further high-quality, although lower, commercial buildings such as those in South Michigan Avenue and the McClurg Building. However, they are best remembered for their contribution in engineering to the development of high-rise construction.

[br]

Further Reading

F.Mujica, 1929, History of the Skyscraper, Paris: Archaeology and Architecture Press. C.W.Condit, 1964, The Chicago School of Architecture: A History of Commercial and

Public Building in the Chicago Area 1875–1925, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. J.W.Rudd (compiler), 1966, Holabird and Roche: Chicago Architects, American Association of Architectural Bibliographers.

DY

Biographical history of technology > Holabird, William
7 Jenney, William Le Baron

SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building, Civil engineering

[br]

b. 25 September 1832 Fairhaven, Massachusetts, USA

d. 15 June 1907 Los Angeles, California, USA

[br]

American architect and engineer who pioneered a method of steel-framed construction that made the skyscraper possible.

[br]

Jenney's Home Insurance Building in Chicago was completed in 1885 but demolished in 1931. It was the first building to rise above ten to twelve storeys and was possible because it did not require immensely thick walls on the lower storeys to carry the weight above. Using square-sectioned cast-iron wall piers, hollow cylindrical cast-iron columns on the interior and, across these, steel and cast-iron beams and girders, Jenney produced a load-bearing metal framework independent of the curtain walling. Beams and girders were united by ties as well as being bolted to the vertical members, so providing a strong framework to take the building load. Jenney went on to build in Chicago the Second Leiter Building (1889–91) and, in 1891, the Manhattan Building. He played a considerable part in the planning of the 1893 Chicago World's Fair. Jenney is accepted as having been the founder of the Chicago school of architecture, and he trained many of the later noted architects and builders of the city, such as William Holabird, Martin Roche and Louis Sullivan.

[br]

Further Reading

A.Woltersdorf, 1924, "The father of the skeleton frame building", Western Architecture 33.

F.A.Randall, 1949, History of the Development of Building Construction in Chicago, Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

C.Condit, 1964, The Chicago School of Architecture: A History of Commercial and Public Building in the Chicago Area 1875–1925, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

DY

Biographical history of technology > Jenney, William Le Baron
8 Nervi, Pier Luigi

SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building, Civil engineering

[br]

b. 21 June 1891 Sondrio, Italy

d. 9 January 1979 (?), Italy

[br]

Italian engineer who played a vital role in the use and adaptation of reinforced concrete as a structural material from the 1930s to the 1970s.

[br]

Nervi early established a reputation in the use of reinforced concrete with his stadium in Florence (1930–2). This elegant concrete structure combines graceful curves with functional solidity and is capable of seating some 35,000 spectators. The stadium was followed by the aircraft hangars built for the Italian Air Force at Orvieto and Ortebello, in which he spanned the vast roofs of the hangars with thin-shelled vaults supported by precast concrete beams and steel-reinforced ribs. The structural strength and subtle curves of these ribbed roofs set the pattern for Nervi's techniques, which he subsequently varied and elaborated on to solve problems that arose in further commissions.

Immediately after the Second World War Italy was short of supplies of steel for structural purposes so, in contrast to the USA, Britain and Germany, did not for some years construct any quantity of steel-framed rectangular buildinngs used for offices, housing or industrial use. It was Nervi who led the way to a ferroconcrete approach, using a new type of structure based on these materials in the form of a fine steel mesh sprayed with cement mortar and used to roof all kinds of structures. It was a method that resulted in expressionist curves instead of rectangular blocks, and the first of his great exhibition halls at Turin (1949), with a vault span of 240 ft (73 m), was an early example of this technique. Nervi continued to create original and beautiful ferroconcrete structures of infinite variety: for example, the hall at the Lido di Roma, Ostia; the terme at Chianciano; and the three buildings that he designed for the Rome Olympics in 1960. The Palazzetto dello Sport is probably the most famous of these, for which he co-operated with the architect Annibale Vitellozzi to construct a small sports palace seating 5,000 spectators under a concrete "big top" of 194 ft (59 m) diameter, its enclosing walls supported by thirtysix guy ropes of concrete; inside, the elegant roof displays a floral quality. In 1960 Nervi returned to Turin to build his imaginative Palace of Labour for the centenary celebrations of Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel in the city. This vast hall, like the Crystal Palace in England a century earlier (see Paxton), had to be built quickly and be suitable for later adaptation. It was therefore constructed partly in steel, and the metal supporting columns rose to palm-leaf capitals reminiscent of those in ancient Nile palaces.

Nervi's aim was always to create functional buildings that simultaneously act by their aesthetic qualities as an effective educational influence. Functionalism for Nervi never became "brutalism". In consequence, his work is admired by the lay public as well as by architects. He collaborated with many of the outstanding architects of the day: with Gio Ponti on the Pirelli Building in Milan (1955–9); with Zehrfuss and Breuer on the Y-plan UNESCO Building in Paris (1953–7); and with Marcello Piacentini on the 16,000-seat Palazzo dello Sport in Rome. Nervi found time to write a number of books on building construction and design, lectured in the Universities of Rio de Janiero and Buenos Aires, and was for many years Professor of Technology and Technique of Construction in the Faculty of Architecture at the University of Rome. He continued to design new structures until well into the 1970s.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

RIBA Royal Gold Medal 1960. Royal Institute of Structural Engineers Gold Medal 1968. Honorary Degree Edinburgh University, Warsaw University, Munich University, London University, Harvard University. Member International Institute of Arts and Letters, Zurich; American Academy of Arts and Sciences; Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Stockholm.

Bibliography

1956, Structures, New York: Dodge.

1945, Scienza o Arte del Costruire?, Rome: Bussola.

Further Reading

P.Desideri et al., 1979, Pier Luigi Nervi, Bologna: Zanichelli.

A.L.Huxtable, 1960, Masters of World Architecture; Pier Luigi Nervi, New York: Braziller.

DY

Biographical history of technology > Nervi, Pier Luigi
9 ratio

1) отношение; соотношение

2) коэффициент; пропорция

3) фактор

4) передаточное число

•

in the ratio (of) — в отношении

to govern ratio — регулировать состав смеси

- ratio of attenuation
- ratio of circumference to diameter - ratio of compression - ratio of damping - ratio of dimensions - ratio of expansion - ratio of gear - ratio of grade - ratio of refraction - ratio of reinforcement - ratio of slip - ratio of slope - ratio of transformation - ratio of transmission - air circulation ratio - air void ratio - amplifier ratio - area-border ratio - availability ratio - balanced steel ratio - bending moment ratio - braking ratio - cement-aggregate ratio - cement-space ratio - cement-water ratio - circulation ratio - compression ratio - concentration ratio - control ratio - cost-effectiveness ratio - critical void ratio - damping ratio - daylight ratio - daylight area ratio - depth-to-span ratio - depth-to-width ratio - design ratio - detrusion ratio - dilution ratio - economic ratio - economic ratio of reinforcement in concrete - elastic ratio - explosive ratio - fatigue ratio - feedback ratio - fineness ratio - free water-cement ratio - gear ratio - housing expense ratio - hydrostatic pressure ratio - inlet-outlet pressure ratio - land-to-building ratio - lime ratio - mixture ratio - modular ratio - mortar-voids ratio - output-input ratio - plant and equipment use ratio - plot ratio - Poisson's ratio - power-weight ratio - reduction ratio - reflection ratio - rise-to-span ratio - safety ratio - sag ratio - sand-coarse aggregate ratio - shrinkage ratio - slenderness ratio - span-depth ratio - special heat ratio - steel area ratio - strength-weight ratio - stress ratio - void cement ratio - voids ratio - volumetric ratio - water-binder ratio - water-cement ratio - window efficiency ratio - working reduction ratio - yield ratio
* * *

коэффициент
- ratio of slope
- aggregate-cement ratio
- air circulation ratio
- air entrainment ratio
- air space ratio
- air void ratio
- appearance ratio
- area ratio
- aspect ratio
- authority ratio
- bending moment ratio
- cement-aggregate ratio
- cement/water ratio
- circulation ratio
- column slenderness ratio
- compression ratio
- conjugate ratio
- consolidation ratio
- correlation ratio
- critical void ratio
- cutoff ratio
- damping ratio
- day-light area ratio
- depth-to-span ratio
- dilution ratio
- drowning ratio
- economic ratio
- endurance ratio
- enthalpy-humidity difference ratio
- entrainment ratio
- fatigue ratio
- free area ratio
- free water-cement ratio
- gypsum-sand ratio
- heat-to-humidity ratio
- humidity ratio
- hydrostatic pressure ratio
- induction ratio
- inside clearance ratio
- land-to-building ratio
- livability space ratio
- mixing ratio
- modular ratio
- overconsolidation ratio
- parking ratio
- performance energy ratio
- plot ratio
- Poisson ratio
- radius to thickness ratio
- recirculation ratio
- recovery ratio
- recreation space ratio
- reinforcement ratio
- rib ratio
- sand/coarse aggregate ratio
- saturation ratio
- sensible heat ratio
- settlement ratio of pile group
- slenderness ratio
- slope ratio
- sludge loading ratio
- span-depth ratio
- specific heat ratio
- stiffness ratio
- storage ratio
- strength-density ratio
- strength-weight ratio
- submergence ratio
- swelling ratio
- thaw-consolidation ratio
- total water/cement ratio
- turndown ratio
- void/cement ratio
- voids ratio
- water/binder ratio
- water/cement ratio
- water cementitious ratio
- water-to-air ratio
- water-to-earth ratio
- width-thickness ratio
- worker-area ratio

Англо-русский строительный словарь > ratio
10 Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig

SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building

[br]

b. 27 March 1886 Aachen, Germany

d. 17 August 1969 Chicago, USA

[br]

German architect, third of the great trio of long-lived, second-generation modernists who established the international style in the inter-war years and brought it to maturity (See Jeanneret (Le Corbusier) and Gropius).

[br]

Mies van der Rohe was the son of a stonemason and his early constructional training came from his father. As a young man he gained experience of the modern school from study of the architecture of the earlier leaders, notably Peter Behrens, Hendrik Berlage and Frank Lloyd Wright. He commenced architectural practice in 1913 and soon after the First World War was establishing his own version of modern architecture. His building materials were always of the highest quality, of marble, stone, glass and, especially, steel. He stripped his designs of all extraneous decoration: more than any of his contemporaries he followed the theme of elegance, functionalism and an ascetic concentration on essentials. He believed that architectural design should not look backwards but should reflect the contemporary achievement of advanced technology in both its construction and the materials used, and he began early in his career to act upon these beliefs. Typical was his early concrete and glass office building of 1922, after which, more importantly, came his designs for the German Pavilion at the Barcelona Exposition of 1929. These designs included his famous Barcelona chair, made from chrome steel and leather in a geometrical design, one which has survived as a classic and is still in production. Another milestone was his Tugendhat House in Brno (1930), a long, low, rectilinear structure in glass and steel that set a pattern for many later buildings of this type. In 1930 Mies followed his colleagues as third Director of the Bauhaus, but due to the rise of National Socialism in Germany it was closed in 1933. He finally left Germany for the USA in 1937, and the following year he took up his post as Director of Architecture in Chicago at what is now known as the Illinois Institute of Technology and where he remained for twenty years. In America Mies van der Rohe continued to develop his work upon his original thesis. His buildings are always recognizable for their elegance, fine proportions, high-quality materials and clean, geometrical forms; nearly all are of glass and steel in rectangular shapes. The structure and design evolved according to the individual needs of each commission, and there were three fundamental types of design. One type was the single or grouped high-rise tower, built for apartments for the wealthy, as in his Lake Shore Drive Apartments in Chicago (1948–51), or for city-centre offices, as in his Seagram Building in New York (1954–8, with Philip Johnson) or his Chicago Federal Centre (1964). Another form was the long, low rectangle based upon the earlier Tugendhat House and seen again in the New National Gallery in Berlin (1965–8). Third, there were the grouped schemes when the commission called for buildings of varied purpose on a single, large site. Here Mies van der Rohe achieved a variety and interest in the different shapes and heights of buildings set out in spatial harmony of landscape. Some examples of this type of scheme were housing estates (Lafayette Park Housing Development in Detroit, 1955–6), while others were for educational, commercial or shopping requirements, as at the Toronto Dominion Centre (1963–9).

[br]

Further Reading

L.Hilbersheimer, 1956, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Chicago: P.Theobald.

Peter Blake, 1960, Mies van der Rohe, Architecture and Structure, Penguin, Pelican. Arthur Drexler, 1960, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, London: Mayflower.

Philip Johnson, 1978, Mies van der Rohe, Seeker and Warburg.

DY

Biographical history of technology > Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig
11 Sullivan, Louis Henry

SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building

[br]

b. 3 September 1856 Boston, Massachusetts, USA

d. 14 April 1924 Chicago, Illinois, USA

[br]

American architect whose work came to be known as the "Chicago School of Architecture" and who created a new style of architecture suited specifically to steel-frame, high-rise structures.

[br]

Sullivan, a Bostonian, studied at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Soon he joined his parents, who had moved to Chicago, and worked for a while in the office of William Le Baron Jenney, the pioneer of steel-frame construction. After spending some time studying at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris, in 1875 Sullivan returned to Chicago, where he later met and worked for the Danish architect Dankmar Adler, who was practising there. In 1881 the two architects became partners, and during the succeeding fifteen years they produced their finest work and the buildings for which Sullivan is especially known.

During the early 1880s in Chicago, load-bearing, metal-framework structures that made lofty skyscrapers possible had been developed (see Jenney and Holabird). Louis H.Sullivan initiated building design to stress and complement the metal structure rather than hide it. Moving onwards from H.H.Richardson's treatment of his Marshall Field Wholesale Store in Chicago, Sullivan took the concept several stages further. His first outstanding work, built with Adler in 1886–9, was the Auditorium Building in Chicago. The exterior, in particular, was derived largely from Richardson's Field Store, and the building—now restored—is of bold but simple design, massively built in granite and stone, its form stressing the structure beneath. The architects' reputation was established with this building.

The firm of Sullivan \& Adler established itself during the early 1890s, when they built their most famous skyscrapers. Adler was largely responsible for the structure, the acoustics and function, while Sullivan was responsible for the architectural design, concerning himself particularly with the limitation and careful handling of ornament. In 1892 he published his ideas in Ornament in Architecture, where he preached restraint in its quality and disposition. He established himself as a master of design in the building itself, producing a rhythmic simplicity of form, closely related to the structural shape beneath. The two great examples of this successful approach were the Wainwright Building in St Louis, Missouri (1890–1) and the Guaranty Building in Buffalo, New York (1894–5). The Wainwright Building was a ten-storeyed structure built in stone and brick and decorated with terracotta. The vertical line was stressed throughout but especially at the corners, where pilasters were wider. These rose unbroken to an Art Nouveau type of decorative frieze and a deeply projecting cornice above. The thirteen-storeyed Guaranty Building is Sullivan's masterpiece, a simple, bold, finely proportioned and essentially modern structure. The pilaster verticals are even more boldly stressed and decoration is at a minimum. In the twentieth century the almost free-standing supporting pillars on the ground floor have come to be called pilotis. As late as the 1920s, particularly in New York, the architectural style and decoration of skyscrapers remained traditionally eclectic, based chiefly upon Gothic or classical forms; in view of this, Sullivan's Guaranty Building was far ahead of its time.

[br]

Bibliography

Article by Louis H.Sullivan. Address delivered to architectural students June 1899, published in Canadian Architecture Vol. 18(7):52–3.

Further Reading

Hugh Morrison, 1962, Louis Sullivan: Prophet of Modern Architecture.

Willard Connely, 1961, Louis Sullivan as He Lived, New York: Horizon Press.

DY

Biographical history of technology > Sullivan, Louis Henry
12 Mendelsohn, Erich

SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building

[br]

b. 21 March 1887 Allenstein, East Prussia

d. 15 September 1953 San Francisco, California, USA

[br]

German architect, a pioneering innovator in the modern International style of building that developed in Germany during the early 1920s.

[br]

In some examples of his work Mendelsohn envisaged bold, sculptural forms, dramatically expressed in light and shade, which he created with extensive use of glass, steel and concrete. Characteristic of his type of early Expressionism was his design for the Einstein Tower (1919), a physical laboratory and observatory that was purpose built for Professor Einstein's research work at Neubabelsburg near Berlin in 1921. As its shape suggests, this structure was intended to be made from poured concrete but, due to technical problems, it was erected in stucco-faced steel and brickwork. Equally dramatic and original were Mendelsohn's department stores, for example the pace-setting Schocken Stores at Stuttgart (1926) and Chemnitz (1928), the Petersdorff Store at Breslau (1927) (now Wrocaw in Poland), and a very different building, the Columbus Haus in Berlin (1929–31). One of his most original designs was also in this city, that for the complex on the great boulevard, the Kurfürstendamm, which included the Universum Cinema (1928). Mendelsohn moved to England in 1933, a refugee from Nazism, and there entered into partnership with another émigré, Serge Chermayeff from Russia. Together they were responsible for a building on the seafront at Bexhill-on-Sea, the De La Warr arts and entertainments pavilion (1935–6). This long, low, glass, steel and concrete structure was ahead of its time in England and comprised a theatre and restaurant; in the centre of the façade, facing the sea, is its chief architectural feature, a semicircular glazed staircase. Soon Mendelsohn moved on to Palestine, where he was responsible for the Government Hospital at Haifa (1937) and the Hadassah University Medical Centre in Jerusalem (1936); in both cases he skilfully adapted his mode to different climatic needs. He finally settled in the USA in 1941, where his most notable buildings are the Maimonides Hospital in San Francisco and the synagogues and Jewish community centres which he built in a number of American cities.

[br]

Further Reading

Arnold Whittick, 1964, Erich Mendelsohn, Leonard Hill Books (the standard work).

DY

Biographical history of technology > Mendelsohn, Erich
13 work

1. noun
1) no pl., no indef. art. Arbeit, die

at work — (engaged in working) bei der Arbeit; (fig.): (operating) am Werk (see also academic.ru/23063/e">e)

be at work on something — an etwas (Dat.) arbeiten; (fig.) auf etwas (Akk.) wirken

set to work — [Person:] sich an die Arbeit machen

set somebody to work — jemanden an die Arbeit schicken

all work and no play — immer nur arbeiten

have one's work cut out — viel zu tun haben; sich ranhalten müssen (ugs.)

2) (thing made or achieved) Werk, das

a good day's work — eine gute Tagesleistung

do a good day's work — ein tüchtiges Stück Arbeit hinter sich bringen

is that all your own work? — hast du das alles selbst gemacht?

work of art — Kunstwerk, das

3) (book, piece of music) Werk, das

a work of reference/literature/art — ein Nachschlagewerk/literarisches Werk/Kunstwerk

4) in pl. (of author or composer) Werke

5) (employment) Arbeit, die

out of work — arbeitslos; ohne Arbeit

be in work — eine Stelle haben

go out to work — arbeiten gehen

at work — (place of employment) auf der Arbeit (see also a)

from work — von der Arbeit

6) in pl., usu. constr. as sing. (factory) Werk, das

7) in pl. (Mil.) Werke; Befestigungen

8) in pl. (operations of building etc.) Arbeiten

9) in pl. (machine's operative parts) Werk, das

10) in pl. (coll.): (all that can be included)

the [whole/full] works — der ganze Kram (ugs.)

give somebody the works — (fig.) (give somebody the best possible treatment) jemandem richtig verwöhnen (ugs.); (give somebody the worst possible treatment) jemanden fertig machen (salopp)
2. intransitive verb,
worked or (arch./literary) wrought

1) arbeiten

work to rule — Dienst nach Vorschrift machen

work for a cause — etc. für eine Sache usw. arbeiten

work against something — (impede) einer Sache (Dat.) entgegenstehen

2) (function effectively) funktionieren; [Charme:] wirken (on auf + Akk.)

make the washing machine/television work — die Waschmaschine/den Fernsehapparat in Ordnung bringen

3) [Rad, Getriebe, Kette:] laufen

4) (be craftsman)

work in a material — mit od. (fachspr.) in einem Material arbeiten

5) [Faktoren, Einflüsse:] wirken (on auf + Akk.)

work against — arbeiten gegen; see also work on

6) (make its/one's way) sich schieben

work loose — sich lockern

work round to a question — (fig.) sich zu einer Frage vorarbeiten
3. transitive verb,
worked or (arch./literary) wrought

1) (operate) bedienen [Maschine]; fahren [Schiff]; betätigen [Bremse]

worked by electricity — elektrisch betrieben

2) (get labour from) arbeiten lassen

3) (get material from) ausbeuten [Steinbruch, Grube]

4) (operate in or on) [Vertreter:] bereisen

5) (control) steuern

6) (effect) bewirken [Änderung]; wirken [Wunder]

work it or things so that... — (coll.) es deichseln, dass... (ugs.)

7) (cause to go gradually) führen

work one's way up/into something — sich hocharbeiten/in etwas (Akk.) hineinarbeiten

8) (get gradually) bringen

work oneself into a position — sich in eine Position hocharbeiten

9) (knead, stir)

work something into something — etwas zu etwas verarbeiten; (mix in) etwas unter etwas (Akk.) rühren

10) (gradually excite)

work oneself into a state/a rage — sich aufregen/in einen Wutanfall hineinsteigern

11) (make by needlework etc.) arbeiten; aufsticken [Muster] (on auf + Akk.)

12) (purchase, obtain with labour) abarbeiten; (fig.)

work one's keep — für sein Geld etwas leisten

she worked her way through college — sie hat sich (Dat.) ihr Studium selbst verdient; see also passage 6)

Phrasal Verbs:

- work away

- work in

- work off

- work on

- work out

- work through

- work towards

- work up

* * *
[wə:k] 1. noun
1) (effort made in order to achieve or make something: He has done a lot of work on this project) die Arbeit

2) (employment: I cannot find work in this town.) die Arbeit

3) (a task or tasks; the thing that one is working on: Please clear your work off the table.) die Arbeit

4) (a painting, book, piece of music etc: the works of Van Gogh / Shakespeare/Mozart; This work was composed in 1816.) das Werk

5) (the product or result of a person's labours: His work has shown a great improvement lately.) die Arbeit

6) (one's place of employment: He left (his) work at 5.30 p.m.; I don't think I'll go to work tomorrow.) die Arbeit
2. verb
1) (to (cause to) make efforts in order to achieve or make something: She works at the factory three days a week; He works his employees very hard; I've been working on/at a new project.) arbeiten

2) (to be employed: Are you working just now?) arbeiten

3) (to (cause to) operate (in the correct way): He has no idea how that machine works / how to work that machine; That machine doesn't/won't work, but this one's working.) funktionieren

4) (to be practicable and/or successful: If my scheme works, we'll be rich!) klappen

5) (to make (one's way) slowly and carefully with effort or difficulty: She worked her way up the rock face.) sich arbeiten

6) (to get into, or put into, a stated condition or position, slowly and gradually: The wheel worked loose.) sich arbeiten

7) (to make by craftsmanship: The ornaments had been worked in gold.) arbeiten

•

- -work
- workable
- worker
- works 3. noun plural
1) (the mechanism (of a watch, clock etc): The works are all rusted.) das Werk

2) (deeds, actions etc: She's devoted her life to good works.) das Werk

•

- work-basket
- work-box
- workbook
- workforce
- working class
- working day
- work-day
- working hours
- working-party
- work-party
- working week
- workman
- workmanlike
- workmanship
- workmate
- workout
- workshop
- at work
- get/set to work
- go to work on
- have one's work cut out
- in working order
- out of work
- work of art
- work off
- work out
- work up
- work up to
- work wonders
* * *

work

[wɜ:k, AM wɜ:rk]

I. NOUN

1. no pl (useful activity) Arbeit f; ( fig)

to be at \work am Werk sein

forces of destruction are at \work here hier sind zerstörerische Kräfte am Werk

various factors are at \work in this situation in dieser Situation spielen verschiedene Faktoren eine Rolle

good \work! gute Arbeit!

there's a lot of \work to be done yet es gibt noch viel zu tun

the garden needs a lot of \work im Garten muss [so] einiges gemacht werden

\work on the tunnel has been suspended die Arbeiten am Tunnel wurden vorübergehend eingestellt

did you manage to get a bit of \work done? konntest du ein bisschen arbeiten?

construction/repair \work Bau-/Reparaturarbeiten pl

research \work Forschungsarbeit f

it's hard \work doing sth (strenuous) es ist anstrengend, etw zu tun; (difficult) es ist schwierig, etw zu tun

to be at \work doing sth [gerade] damit beschäftigt sein, etw zu tun

to get [or go] [or set] to \work sich akk an die Arbeit machen

to get [or go] [or set] to \work on sth sich akk an etw akk machen

to make \work for sb jdm Arbeit machen

to make \work for oneself sich dat unnötige Arbeit machen

to put [or set] sb to \work doing sth jdn [damit] beauftragen, etw zu tun

2. no pl (employment) Arbeit f

what sort of \work do you have experience in? über welche Berufserfahrung verfügen Sie?

she's got \work as a translator sie hat Arbeit [o eine Stelle] als Übersetzerin gefunden

to look for \work auf Arbeitssuche sein

he's looking for \work as a system analyst er sucht Arbeit [o eine Stelle] als Systemanalytiker

to be in \work Arbeit [o eine Stelle] haben

to be out of \work arbeitslos sein

3. no pl (place of employment) Arbeit f, Arbeitsplatz m

to be late for \work zu spät zur Arbeit kommen

to have to stay late at \work lange arbeiten müssen

to be at \work bei der Arbeit sein

to be off \work frei haben; (without permission) fehlen

to be off \work sick sich akk krankgemeldet haben

to commute to \work pendeln

to get to \work by car/on the train mit dem Auto/mit dem Zug zur Arbeit fahren

to go/travel to \work zur Arbeit gehen/fahren

to be injured at \work einen Arbeitsunfall haben

to ring sb from \work jdn von der Arbeit [aus] anrufen

4. (construction, repairs)

▪ \works pl Arbeiten pl

building/road \works Bau-/Straßenarbeiten pl

5. no pl (result, product) Arbeit f; (act) Werk nt

this is the \work of professional thieves das ist das Werk professioneller Diebe

good \works REL gute Werke

6. ART, LIT, MUS Werk nt

‘The Complete W\works of William Shakespeare’ ‚Shakespeares gesammelte Werke‘

\works of art Kunstwerke pl

\work in bronze Bronzearbeiten pl

\work in leather aus Leder gefertigte Arbeiten

sb's early/later \work jds Früh-/Spätwerk nt

to show one's \work in a gallery seine Arbeiten in einer Galerie ausstellen

7. (factory)

▪ \works + sing/pl vb Werk nt, Fabrik f

steel \works Stahlwerk nt

8. (working parts)

▪ \works pl of a clock Uhrwerk nt; of a machine Getriebe nt

9. ( fam: everything)

▪ the \works pl das ganze Drum und Dran kein pl fam

two large pizzas with the \works, please! esp AM zwei große Pizzen mit allem bitte!

10. no pl PHYS Arbeit f

11. MIL

▪ \works pl Befestigungen pl

12.

▶ to be a [real] piece of \work ( fam) ganz schön nervig sein fam

▶ to have one's \work cut out ( fam) sich akk mächtig reinknien müssen fam

▶ to get [or go] [or set] to \work on sb ( fam) jdn bearbeiten fam

▶ to give sb the \works ( dated sl) jdn [ordentlich] in die Mangel nehmen fam

II. NOUN MODIFIER

1. (climate, report, week) Arbeits-

\work clothes Arbeitskleidung f

\work speed Arbeitstempo nt

2.

▪ \works (canteen, inspection) Werks-

\works premises Werksgelände nt

III. INTRANSITIVE VERB

1. (do a job) arbeiten

where do you \work? wo arbeiten Sie?

to \work as an accountant als Buchhalter arbeiten

to \work a twelve-hour day/a forty-hour week zwölf Stunden am Tag/vierzig Stunden in der Woche arbeiten

to \work from home zu Hause [o von zu Hause aus] arbeiten

to \work at the hospital/abroad im Krankenhaus/im Ausland arbeiten

to \work like a slave [or AM, AUS dog] ( fam) wie ein Tier schuften fam

to \work like a Trojan BRIT wie ein Pferd arbeiten fam

to \work hard hart arbeiten

to \work together zusammenarbeiten

▪ to \work with sb mit jdm zusammenarbeiten

2. (be busy, active) arbeiten

we're \working to prevent it happening again wir bemühen uns [o arbeiten daran], so etwas in Zukunft zu verhindern

to \work towards a degree in biology einen Hochschulabschluss in Biologie anstreben

▪ to \work at/on sth an etw dat arbeiten

we're \working on it wir arbeiten daran

to \work at a problem an einem Problem arbeiten

to \work hard at doing sth hart daran arbeiten, etw zu tun

▪ to \work for/towards sth auf etw akk hinwirken [o hinarbeiten

3. (have an effect) sich auswirken

to \work both ways sich sowohl positiv als auch negativ auswirken

▪ to \work in sb's favour sich zu jds Gunsten auswirken

▪ to \work against sb/sth sich negativ für jdn/auf etw akk auswirken

4. (function) funktionieren; generator, motor laufen

my cell phone doesn't \work mein Handy geht nicht

the boiler seems to be \working okay der Boiler scheint in Ordnung zu sein

I can't get this washing machine to \work ich kriege die Waschmaschine irgendwie nicht zum Laufen

to \work off batteries batteriebetrieben sein

to \work off the mains BRIT mit Netzstrom arbeiten

to \work off wind power mit Windenergie arbeiten

5. (be successful) funktionieren, klappen fam; plan, tactics aufgehen

to \work in practice [auch] in der Praxis funktionieren

6. MED medicine, pill wirken

7. (be based)

to \work on the assumption/idea that... von der Annahme/Vorstellung ausgehen, dass...

8. (move)

to \work free/loose sich lösen/lockern

▪ to \work down clothes runterrutschen fam

to \work windward NAUT gegen den Wind segeln

9. ( liter: change expression) arbeiten; (contort) sich verzerren

10. NAUT

to \work windward [hart] am Wind segeln

11.

▶ to \work like a charm [or like magic] Wunder bewirken

▶ to \work till you drop ( fam) bis zum Umfallen arbeiten

▶ to \work on sb jdn bearbeiten fam

IV. TRANSITIVE VERB

1. (make work)

to \work oneself to death ( fam) sich akk zu Tode arbeiten [o fam schinden]

to \work sb/oneself hard jdm/sich viel abverlangen

2. (operate)

▪ to \work sth machine etw bedienen; piece of equipment etw betätigen

to be \worked by electricity/steam elektrisch/dampfgetrieben sein

to be \worked by wind power durch Windenergie angetrieben werden

3. (move)

▪ to \work sth out of sth etw aus etw dat herausbekommen

to \work one's way through an article/a book sich akk durch einen Artikel/ein Buch durcharbeiten

to \work one's way through a crowd/out of a crowded room sich dat einen Weg durch die Menge/aus einem überfüllten Zimmer bahnen

to \work one's way down a list eine Liste durchgehen

to \work one's way up sich akk hocharbeiten

he's \worked his way up through the firm er hat sich in der Firma hochgearbeitet

to \work sth free/loose etw losbekommen/lockern

sth \works itself free/loose etw löst/lockert sich akk

to \work sth [backwards and forwards] etw [hin- und her]bewegen

▪ sth \works itself out of sth etw löst sich aus etw dat

4. (bring about)

▪ to \work sth etw bewirken

I don't know how she \worked it! ich weiß nicht, wie sie das geschafft hat!

to \work oneself into a more positive frame of mind sich dat eine positivere Lebenseinstellung erarbeiten

to \work a cure eine Heilung herbeiführen

to \work a miracle ein Wunder vollbringen

to \work miracles [or wonders] [wahre] Wunder vollbringen

5. (get)

to \work oneself into a frenzy [or rage] in Rage geraten fam

to \work sb into a frenzy [or rage] jdn in Rage bringen fam

to \work oneself into a state sich akk aufregen

to \work sb into a state of jealousy jdn eifersüchtig machen

6. (shape)

▪ to \work sth etw bearbeiten

to \work clay Ton formen

7. (mix, rub)

▪ to \work sth into sth etw in etw akk einarbeiten; food etw mit etw dat vermengen; (incorporate) etw in etw akk einbauen [o einfügen]

to \work the ingredients together die Zutaten [miteinander] vermengen

to \work sth into the skin (rub) die Haut mit etw dat einreiben; (massage) etw in die Haut einmassieren

8. (embroider)

▪ to \work sth etw [auf]sticken

to \work a monogram on sth etw mit einem Monogramm besticken, ein Monogramm auf etw akk sticken

9. (cultivate)

to \work the land das Land bewirtschaften; (exploit)

to \work a mine/quarry eine Mine/einen Steinbruch ausbeuten

10. (cover)

to \work the inner city [area]/the East Side für die Innenstadt/die East Side zuständig sein

11. (pay for by working)

to \work one's passage sich dat seine Überfahrt durch Arbeit auf dem Schiff verdienen

to \work one's way through university sich dat sein Studium finanzieren

12.

▶ to \work one's fingers to the bone [for sb] ( fam) sich dat [für jdn] den Rücken krumm arbeiten fam

▶ to \work a treat BRIT ( fam) prima funktionieren fam

* * *
[wɜːk]
1. n

1) (= toil, labour, task) Arbeit f

have you got any work for me? — haben Sie was für mich zu tun?

he doesn't like work — er arbeitet nicht gern

that's a good piece of work — das ist gute Arbeit

is this all your own work? — haben Sie das alles selbst gemacht?

closed for work on the roof — wegen (Reparatur)arbeiten am Dach geschlossen

when work begins on the new bridge — wenn die Arbeiten an der neuen Brücke anfangen

to be at work (on sth) ( — an etw dat ) arbeiten

there are forces at work which... — es sind Kräfte am Werk, die...

it's the work of the devil — das ist Teufelswerk or ein Machwerk des Teufels

to do a good day's work — ein schönes Stück Arbeit leisten

nice or good work! — gut or super (inf) gemacht!

we've a lot of work to do before this choir can give a concert — wir haben noch viel zu tun, ehe dieser Chor ein Konzert geben kann

you need to do some more work on your accent/your technique — Sie müssen noch an Ihrem Akzent/an Ihrer Technik arbeiten

to get or set to work on sth — sich an etw (acc) machen

I've been trying to get some work done — ich habe versucht zu arbeiten

to put a lot of work into sth — eine Menge Arbeit in etw (acc) stecken

it's in the works (inf) — es ist in der Mache (inf)

to get on with one's work — sich (wieder) an die Arbeit machen

to make short or quick work of sb/sth — mit jdm/etw kurzen Prozess machen

to make work for sb — jdm Arbeit machen

time/the medicine had done its work — die Zeit/Arznei hatte ihr Werk vollbracht/ihre Wirkung getan

the work of a moment — eine Angelegenheit von Sekunden

it was hard work for the old car to get up the hill — das alte Auto hatte beim Anstieg schwer zu schaffen

2) (= employment, job) Arbeit f

to be (out) at work — arbeiten sein

to go out to work — arbeiten gehen

to be out of work — arbeitslos sein

to be in work — eine Stelle haben

he travels to work by car — er fährt mit dem Auto zur Arbeit

do you live close to your work? — hast du es weit zur Arbeit?

how long does it take you to get to work? — wie lange brauchst du, um zu deiner Arbeitsstelle zu kommen?

at work — an der Arbeitsstelle, am Arbeitsplatz

what is your work? — was tun Sie (beruflich)?

to put or throw sb out of work — jdn arbeitslos machen

to be off work — (am Arbeitsplatz) fehlen

3) (= product) Arbeit f; (ART, LITER) Werk nt

a work of art — ein Kunstwerk nt

a work of reference — ein Nachschlagewerk nt

a work of literature — ein literarisches Werk

a fine piece of work — eine schöne Arbeit

good works — gute Werke pl

a chance for artists to show their work — eine Gelegenheit für Künstler, ihre Arbeiten or Werke zu zeigen

4) pl (MIL) Befestigungen pl

5) pl (MECH) Getriebe, Innere(s) nt; (of watch, clock) Uhrwerk nt

6) sing or pl (Brit: factory) Betrieb m, Fabrik f

gas/steel works — Gas-/Stahlwerk nt

works gate — Fabrik- or Werkstor nt

works outing — Betriebsausflug m

7) (inf)pl alles Drum und Dran

we had fantastic food, wine, brandy, the works — es gab tolles Essen, Wein, Kognak, alle Schikanen (inf)

he was giving his opponent the works — er machte seinen Gegner nach allen Regeln der Kunst fertig (inf)

2. vi

1) person arbeiten (at an +dat)

to work toward(s)/for sth — auf etw (acc) hin/für etw arbeiten

to work for better conditions etc — sich für bessere Bedingungen etc einsetzen

to work against a reform — gegen eine Reform kämpfen

or favor (US) — diese Faktoren, die gegen uns/zu unseren Gunsten arbeiten

2) (= function, operate) funktionieren; (plan) funktionieren, klappen (inf); (medicine, spell) wirken; (= be successful) klappen (inf)

it won't work — das klappt nicht

"not working" (lift etc) — "außer Betrieb"

to get sth working — etw in Gang bringen

it works by or on electricity — es läuft auf Strom

it works both ways — es trifft auch andersherum zu

but this arrangement will have to work both ways — aber diese Abmachung muss für beide Seiten gelten

3) (yeast) arbeiten, treiben

4) (mouth, face) zucken; (jaws) mahlen

5)

(= move gradually) to work loose — sich lockern

to work along — sich entlangarbeiten

to work round (wind, object) — sich langsam drehen (to nach)

he worked (a)round to asking her — er hat sich aufgerafft, sie zu fragen

OK, I'm working (a)round to it — okay, das mache ich schon noch

3. vt

1) (= make work) staff, employees, students arbeiten lassen, herannehmen (inf), schinden (pej)

to work oneself/sb hard — sich/jdn nicht schonen

he works himself too hard — er übernimmt sich

to work oneself to death — sich zu Tode arbeiten

2) (= operate) machine bedienen; lever, brake betätigen

to work sth by electricity/hand — etw elektrisch/mit Hand betreiben

can we work that trick again? — können wir den Trick noch einmal anbringen or anwenden?

3) (= bring about) change, cure bewirken, herbeiführen

to work mischief — Unheil anrichten

to work it ( so that...) (inf) — es so deichseln(, dass...) (inf)

to work one's passage — seine Überfahrt abarbeiten

you don't have to work your notice — Sie brauchen Ihre Kündigungsfrist nicht einzuhalten

See:

→ work up

4) (SEW) arbeiten; design etc sticken

5) (= shape) wood, metal bearbeiten; dough, clay also kneten, bearbeiten

he worked the clay into a human shape — er formte den Ton zu einer menschlichen Gestalt

work the flour in gradually/the ingredients together — mischen Sie das Mehl allmählich unter/die Zutaten (zusammen)

6) (= exploit) mine ausbeuten, abbauen; land bearbeiten; smallholding bewirtschaften; (salesman) area bereisen

7) muscles trainieren

8)

(= move gradually) to work one's hands free — seine Hände freibekommen

to work sth loose — etw losbekommen

to work one's way through a book — sich durch ein Buch arbeiten

to work one's way to the top — sich nach oben arbeiten or kämpfen

to work one's way up from nothing — sich von ganz unten hocharbeiten

to work one's way through college — sein Studium selbst or durch eigene Arbeit finanzieren

he worked his way across the rock face/through the tunnel — er überquerte die Felswand/kroch durch den Tunnel

to work oneself into sb's confidence — sich in jds Vertrauen (acc) einschleichen

* * *

work [wɜːk; US wɜrk]

A s

1. allg Arbeit f:

a) Beschäftigung f, Tätigkeit f

b) Aufgabe f

c) Hand-, Nadelarbeit f, Stickerei f, Näherei f

d) Leistung f

e) Erzeugnis n:

work done geleistete Arbeit;

a beautiful piece of work eine schöne Arbeit;

work in hand WIRTSCH Auftragsbestand m;

work in process ( oder progress) WIRTSCH US Halbfabrikate pl;

at work

a) bei der Arbeit,

b) am Arbeitsplatz,

c) in Tätigkeit, in Betrieb (Maschine etc);

be at work on arbeiten an (dat);

do work arbeiten;

I’ve got some work to do ich muss arbeiten;

do the work of three (men) für drei arbeiten;

be in (out of) work (keine) Arbeit haben;

(put) out of work arbeitslos (machen);

set to work an die Arbeit gehen, sich an die Arbeit machen;

take some work home Arbeit mit nach Hause nehmen;

have one’s work cut out (for one) zu tun haben, schwer zu schaffen haben;

make work Arbeit verursachen;

make light work of spielend fertig werden mit;

make sad work of arg wirtschaften oder hausen mit;

make short work of kurzen Prozess oder nicht viel Federlesen(s) machen mit umg

2. PHYS Arbeit f:

convert heat into work

3. auch koll (künstlerisches etc) Werk:

the works of Bach;

work of art Kunstwerk; → fiction 2, reference A 8

4. Werk n (Tat und Resultat):

this is your work!;

it was the work of a moment

5. pl

a) ARCH Anlagen pl, (besonders öffentliche) Bauten pl

b) Baustelle f (an einer Autobahn etc)

c) MIL (Festungs)Werk n, Befestigungen pl

6. pl (oft als sg konstruiert) Werk n, Fabrik (-anlage) f, Betrieb m:

works climate (council, outing, etc) Betriebsklima n (-rat m, -ausflug m etc);

works manager Werksdirektor m, Betriebsleiter m

7. pl TECH (Räder-, Trieb)Werk n, Getriebe n:

works of a watch Uhrwerk; → spanner 1

8. Werk-, Arbeitsstück n, ( besonders Nadel)Arbeit f

9. REL (gutes) Werk

10. the works pl umg alles, der ganze Krempel:

the whole works went over board;

give sb the works umg jemanden fertigmachen;

shoot the works (Kartenspiel) aufs Ganze gehen (a. fig); → gum² B 4

B v/i prät und pperf worked, besonders obs oder poet wrought [rɔːt]

1. (at, on) arbeiten (an dat), sich beschäftigen (mit):

work at a social reform an einer Sozialreform arbeiten;

worked ( oder wrought) in leather in Leder gearbeitet;

work to rule WIRTSCH Br Dienst nach Vorschrift tun;

make one’s money work sein Geld arbeiten lassen

2. arbeiten, Arbeit haben, beschäftigt sein

3. fig arbeiten, kämpfen ( beide:

against gegen;

for für eine Sache):

work toward(s) hinarbeiten auf (akk)

4. TECH

a) funktionieren, gehen (beide auch fig)

b) in Betrieb oder Gang sein:

our stove works well unser Ofen funktioniert gut;

your method won’t work mit Ihrer Methode werden Sie es nicht schaffen;

get sth to work etwas reparieren

5. fig klappen, gehen, gelingen, sich machen lassen

6. (prät oft wrought) wirken, sich auswirken (on, with auf akk, bei):

the poison began to work das Gift begann zu wirken

7. work on jemanden bearbeiten, sich jemanden vornehmen (beide umg)

8. sich gut etc bearbeiten lassen

9. sich (hindurch-, hoch- etc) arbeiten:

work into eindringen in (akk);

work loose sich losarbeiten, sich lockern;

her tights worked down die Strumpfhose rutschte ihr herunter

10. in (heftiger) Bewegung sein, arbeiten, zucken ( alle:

with vor dat; Gesichtszüge etc), mahlen ( with vor Erregung etc; Kiefer)

11. SCHIFF (besonders gegen den Wind) segeln, fahren

12. gären, arbeiten (beide auch fig: Gedanke etc)

13. (hand)arbeiten, stricken, nähen

C v/t

1. arbeiten an (dat)

2. verarbeiten:

a) TECH bearbeiten

b) einen Teig kneten

c) (ver)formen, gestalten ( beide:

into zu):

work cotton into cloth Baumwolle zu Tuch verarbeiten

3. eine Maschine etc bedienen, ein Fahrzeug führen, lenken

4. (an-, be)treiben:

worked by electricity elektrisch betrieben

5. AGR den Boden bearbeiten, bestellen

6. einen Betrieb leiten, eine Fabrik etc betreiben, ein Gut bewirtschaften

7. Bergbau: eine Grube abbauen, ausbeuten

8. WIRTSCH (geschäftlich) bereisen oder bearbeiten:

my partner works the Liverpool district

9. jemanden, Tiere (tüchtig) arbeiten lassen, (zur Arbeit) antreiben

10. fig jemanden bearbeiten umg, jemandem zusetzen ( beide:

for wegen):

he worked his teacher for a better mark

11. a) work one’s way sich (hindurch- etc) arbeiten

b) erarbeiten, verdienen: → passage¹ 5

12. MATH lösen, ausarbeiten, errechnen

13. erregen, reizen, (in einen Zustand) versetzen oder bringen:

work o.s. into a rage sich in eine Wut hineinsteigern

14. bewegen, arbeiten mit:

he worked his jaws seine Kiefer mahlten

15. fig (prät oft wrought) hervorbringen, -rufen, zeitigen, Veränderungen etc bewirken, Wunder wirken oder tun, führen zu, verursachen:

work hardship on sb für jemanden eine Härte bedeuten

16. (prät oft wrought) fertigbringen, zustande bringen

17. work into

a) eine Arbeit etc einschieben in (akk),

b) Passagen etc einarbeiten oder -flechten oder -fügen in (akk)

18. sl etwas herausschlagen

19. US sl jemanden bescheißen

20. herstellen, machen, besonders stricken, nähen

21. zur Gärung bringen

22. → work over 2

w. abk

1. weight

2. wide

3. width

4. wife

5. with

6. PHYS work

wk abk

1. week Wo.

2. work

* * *
1. noun
1) no pl., no indef. art. Arbeit, die

at work — (engaged in working) bei der Arbeit; (fig.): (operating) am Werk (see also e)

be at work on something — an etwas (Dat.) arbeiten; (fig.) auf etwas (Akk.) wirken

set to work — [Person:] sich an die Arbeit machen

set somebody to work — jemanden an die Arbeit schicken

all work and no play — immer nur arbeiten

have one's work cut out — viel zu tun haben; sich ranhalten müssen (ugs.)

2) (thing made or achieved) Werk, das

a good day's work — eine gute Tagesleistung

do a good day's work — ein tüchtiges Stück Arbeit hinter sich bringen

is that all your own work? — hast du das alles selbst gemacht?

work of art — Kunstwerk, das

3) (book, piece of music) Werk, das

a work of reference/literature/art — ein Nachschlagewerk/literarisches Werk/Kunstwerk

4) in pl. (of author or composer) Werke

5) (employment) Arbeit, die

out of work — arbeitslos; ohne Arbeit

be in work — eine Stelle haben

go out to work — arbeiten gehen

at work — (place of employment) auf der Arbeit (see also a)

from work — von der Arbeit

6) in pl., usu. constr. as sing. (factory) Werk, das

7) in pl. (Mil.) Werke; Befestigungen

8) in pl. (operations of building etc.) Arbeiten

9) in pl. (machine's operative parts) Werk, das

10) in pl. (coll.): (all that can be included)

the [whole/full] works — der ganze Kram (ugs.)

give somebody the works — (fig.) (give somebody the best possible treatment) jemandem richtig verwöhnen (ugs.); (give somebody the worst possible treatment) jemanden fertig machen (salopp)
2. intransitive verb,
worked or (arch./literary) wrought

1) arbeiten

work to rule — Dienst nach Vorschrift machen

work for a cause — etc. für eine Sache usw. arbeiten

work against something — (impede) einer Sache (Dat.) entgegenstehen

2) (function effectively) funktionieren; [Charme:] wirken (on auf + Akk.)

make the washing machine/television work — die Waschmaschine/den Fernsehapparat in Ordnung bringen

3) [Rad, Getriebe, Kette:] laufen

4) (be craftsman)

work in a material — mit od. (fachspr.) in einem Material arbeiten

5) [Faktoren, Einflüsse:] wirken (on auf + Akk.)

work against — arbeiten gegen; see also work on

6) (make its/one's way) sich schieben

work loose — sich lockern

work round to a question — (fig.) sich zu einer Frage vorarbeiten
3. transitive verb,
worked or (arch./literary) wrought

1) (operate) bedienen [Maschine]; fahren [Schiff]; betätigen [Bremse]

worked by electricity — elektrisch betrieben

2) (get labour from) arbeiten lassen

3) (get material from) ausbeuten [Steinbruch, Grube]

4) (operate in or on) [Vertreter:] bereisen

5) (control) steuern

6) (effect) bewirken [Änderung]; wirken [Wunder]

work it or things so that... — (coll.) es deichseln, dass... (ugs.)

7) (cause to go gradually) führen

work one's way up/into something — sich hocharbeiten/in etwas (Akk.) hineinarbeiten

8) (get gradually) bringen

work oneself into a position — sich in eine Position hocharbeiten

9) (knead, stir)

work something into something — etwas zu etwas verarbeiten; (mix in) etwas unter etwas (Akk.) rühren

10) (gradually excite)

work oneself into a state/a rage — sich aufregen/in einen Wutanfall hineinsteigern

11) (make by needlework etc.) arbeiten; aufsticken [Muster] (on auf + Akk.)

12) (purchase, obtain with labour) abarbeiten; (fig.)

work one's keep — für sein Geld etwas leisten

she worked her way through college — sie hat sich (Dat.) ihr Studium selbst verdient; see also passage 6)

Phrasal Verbs:

- work away

- work in

- work off

- work on

- work out

- work through

- work towards

- work up

* * *

(hard) for expr.

erarbeiten v.

sich etwas erarbeiten ausdr. v.

arbeiten v.

funktionieren v. n.

Arbeit -en f.

Werk -e n.

English-german dictionary > work
14 unit

1) ( организационная) единица, подразделение

2) блок; узел; комплект

3) отдельное сооружение

4) агрегат; установка; элемент ( конструкции); секция

5) удельный, индивидуальный, единичный

•

unit for applying dextrin glue on wallpaper — установка для нанесения клейстера на обои

- unit of area
- unit of force - unit of heat - unit of illumination - unit of measure - unit of performance - unit of product - unit of string - unit of structure - unit of volume - activated carbon unit - activated sludge unit - active residential solar heating unit - administrative unit - aerator-clarifier unit - air-conditioning unit - air-cooling unit - air-filtration unit - air-mixing unit - block unit - British thermal unit - building unit - caloric unit - chemical dosing unit - chlorine feeding unit - cladding unit - compressor unit - concrete box units - concrete masonry unit - concrete mix-spraying unit - concreting unit - control unit - cost unit - decoding unit - dimensioning and cutting-to-length unit - double-glass unit - dwelling unit - electric welding unit - feeding unit - filler spraying unit - filter unit - fire-control unit - floor unit - friction unit - gang-moulding unit - gas welding unit - glass unit - green unit - heat unit - heat and pumping unit - hollow unit - housing unit - housing residential unit - insulating glass unit - Jackson turbidity unit - load-applying unit - load-carrying unit - loading unit - lock unit - lubricating and filling unit - lubricating pump unit - masonry unit - memory unit - milling unit - mixing unit - mobile unit - moulding unit - multiservice unit - nephelometric turbidity unit - painting unit - paint spraying unit - pile driving unit - plastering unit - plumbing unit - power unit - power-supply unit - process unit - prototype unit - pumping unit - putty-spraying unit - reinforcing bar heating unit - remote control unit - residential unit - resistance unit - roof extract unit - rope-scraper unit - rustic unit - sample unit - sampling unit - self-contained air-conditioning unit - self-contained prestressed unit - sewage treatment unit - sodium-cation exchange unit - solids-contact unit - spare unit - structural unit - supply unit - terminal unit - test unit - thermal unit - thin-shell precast units - tie-laying unit - tracer unit - training unit - tuning unit - turbidity unit - urban unit - vacuum unit - vibratory table unit - vibropressing unit - wallpaper trimming unit - waste-disposal unit - welding unit
* * *

1.   единица || единичный; удельный

2.   единичный вектор

3.   агрегат, установка

4.   сборочная единица; узел; блок; элемент ( конструкции); комплект; секция ( подводного тоннеля)
- unit of area
- unit of length
- accommodation unit
- activated sludge unit
- aerated concrete floor unit
- aerator-clarifier unit
- air conditioning unit
- air cooling unit
- air curtain unit
- air handling unit
- air mixing unit
- air-operated grease unit
- air supply unit
- air-to-air heat recovery unit
- aluminum deck unit
- audible alarm unit
- basement dwelling unit
- boiler unit
- bridge unit
- British thermal unit
- building unit
- cladding unit
- compound units
- compressor unit
- concrete building unit
- concrete core unit
- concrete injection unit
- condensing unit
- cooling unit
- cooling and heating unit
- crawler power unit
- decentralized air heating unit
- disposal unit
- diversion unit
- door unit
- door and frame packaged unit
- drainage fixture unit
- drying unit
- dwelling unit
- factory precast unit
- fan unit
- fan-assisted warm air unit
- fan coil unit
- filter unit
- fixture unit
- floor building unit
- floor unit
- folding bed unit
- four-wheeled power unit
- free delivery-type air conditioning unit
- free delivery-type unit
- gas control unit
- girder-deck unit
- glass building unit
- glass unit
- heating unit
- heat reclaim unit
- high pressure terminal unit
- indirect fan-assisted warm air heating unit
- induction unit
- industrially produced modular unit
- insulating glass unit
- intensive cure unit
- interlocking concrete units
- inverted U-shaped concrete unit
- kitchen building block unit
- latch unit
- living unit
- low pressure induction unit
- masonry unit
- mass-produced structural units
- modular unit
- modular masonry unit
- molded concrete unit
- multicast gang unit
- multizone unit
- neighborhood unit
- nonconforming unit
- packaged unit
- parallel wire unit
- passenger car unit
- plumbing unit
- post-tension unit
- power unit
- precast unit
- precast prestressed concrete unit
- prefabricated unit
- prefab unit
- prefabricated bathroom unit
- pressurization unit
- pump unit
- refrigerating unit
- reheat unit
- reheat induction unit
- residential unit
- roof extract unit
- roof top unit
- room unit
- sealed condensing unit
- sealed double glazed unit
- secondary unit
- self-contained cooling unit
- single duct unit
- sink unit
- solid masonry unit
- solids-control unit
- stabilizing unit attached to loader
- standby unit
- steel plate unit
- straightening unit
- structural unit
- supply fixture unit
- terminal unit
- three-bedroomed dwelling unit
- three-bedroom dwelling unit
- tile trim units
- turbidity unit
- two-wheeled power unit
- unitized unit
- unitized bathroom and lavatory block unit
- unitized kitchen unit
- urban unit
- warm air heating unit
- waste-disposal unit
- water correction unit
- water meter unit
- WC-and-bathroom unit
- window unit
- window and frame packaged unit
- zone terminal unit

Англо-русский строительный словарь > unit
15 solid

['sɒlɪd] 1.
aggettivo

1) (not liquid or gaseous) solido

to go o become solid — solidificarsi

2) (of one substance) [gold, steel] massiccio

cut through solid rock — scavato nella roccia viva

3) (dense) [crowd, earth] compatto

4) (unbroken) [line, expanse] continuo

a solid area of red — una superficie tutta rossa

5) (uninterrupted)

five solid days five days solid cinque interi giorni; for three solid hours — per tre ore filate

6) (strong) [structure, basis, argument] solido; [ building] massiccio

to be on solid ground — fig. avere argomenti concreti

7) (reliable) [ information] fondato; [ advice] valido; [ investment] sicuro; [ worker] affidabile, serio

a solid piece of work — un lavoro serio

8) (firm) [ grip] fermo

the strike has remained solid — gli scioperanti sono rimasti uniti

9) (respectable) [ citizen] modello
2.
nome chim. mat. solido m.
3.
nome plurale solids (food) cibi m. solidi
4.
avverbio [ freeze] completamente; fig. [ vote] in massa

the play is booked solid — lo spettacolo è esaurito

* * *
['solid] 1. adjective
1) (not easily changing shape; not in the form of liquid or gas: Water becomes solid when it freezes; solid substances.) solido

2) (not hollow: The tyres of the earliest cars were solid.) pieno

3) (firm and strongly made (and therefore sound and reliable): That's a solid piece of furniture; His argument is based on good solid facts/reasoning.) solido

4) (completely made of one substance: This bracelet is made of solid gold; We dug till we reached solid rock.) solido, massiccio

5) (without breaks, gaps or flaws: The policemen formed themselves into a solid line; They are solid in their determination to strike.) uniforme, unito, unanime

6) (having height, breadth and width: A cube is a solid figure.) solido

7) (consecutive; without a pause: I've been working for six solid hours.) ininterrotto, di fila
2. adverb
(without interruption; continuously: She was working for six hours solid.) ininterrottamente
3. noun
1) (a substance that is solid: Butter is a solid but milk is a liquid.) sostanza solida

2) (a shape that has length, breadth and height.) solido

•

- solidarity
- solidify
- solidification
- solidity
- solidness
- solidly
- solid fuel
* * *
['sɒlɪd] 1.
aggettivo

1) (not liquid or gaseous) solido

to go o become solid — solidificarsi

2) (of one substance) [gold, steel] massiccio

cut through solid rock — scavato nella roccia viva

3) (dense) [crowd, earth] compatto

4) (unbroken) [line, expanse] continuo

a solid area of red — una superficie tutta rossa

5) (uninterrupted)

five solid days five days solid cinque interi giorni; for three solid hours — per tre ore filate

6) (strong) [structure, basis, argument] solido; [ building] massiccio

to be on solid ground — fig. avere argomenti concreti

7) (reliable) [ information] fondato; [ advice] valido; [ investment] sicuro; [ worker] affidabile, serio

a solid piece of work — un lavoro serio

8) (firm) [ grip] fermo

the strike has remained solid — gli scioperanti sono rimasti uniti

9) (respectable) [ citizen] modello
2.
nome chim. mat. solido m.
3.
nome plurale solids (food) cibi m. solidi
4.
avverbio [ freeze] completamente; fig. [ vote] in massa

the play is booked solid — lo spettacolo è esaurito

English-Italian dictionary > solid
16 Breuer, Marcel Lajos

SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building, Domestic appliances and interiors

[br]

b. 22 May 1902 Pécs, Hungary

d. 1 July 1981 New York (?), USA

[br]

Hungarian member of the European Bauhaus generation in the 1920s, who went on to become a leader in the modern school of architectural and furniture design in Europe and the United States.

[br]

Breuer began his student days following an art course in Vienna, but joined the Bauhaus at Weimar, where he later graduated, in 1920. When Gropius re-established the school in purpose-built structures at Dessau, Breuer became a member of the teaching staff in charge of the carpentry and furniture workshops. Much of his time there was spent in design and research into new materials being applied to furniture and interior decoration. The essence of his contribution was to relate the design of furniture to industrial production; in this field he developed the tubular-steel structure, especially in chair design, and experimented with aluminium as a furniture material as well as pieces of furniture made up from modular units. His furniture style was characterized by an elegance of line and a careful avoidance of superfluous detail. By 1926 he had furnished the Bauhaus with such furniture in chromium-plated steel, and two years later had developed a cantilevered chair.

Breuer left the Bauhaus in 1928 and set up an architectural practice in Berlin. In the early 1930s he also spent some time in Switzerland. Notable from these years was his Harnischmacher Haus in Wiesbaden and his apartment buildings in the Dolderthal area of Zurich. His architectural work was at first influenced by constructivism, and then by that of Le Corbusier (see Charles-Edouard Jeanneret). In 1935 he moved to England, where in partnership with F.R.S. Yorke he built some houses and continued to practise furniture design. The Isokon Furniture Co. commissioned him to develop ideas that took advantage of the new bending and moulding processes in laminated wood, one result being his much-copied reclining chair.

In 1937, like so many of the European architectural refugees from Nazism, he found himself under-occupied due to the reluctance of English clients to embrace the modern architectural movement. He went to the United States at Gropius's invitation to join him as a professor at Harvard. Breuer and Gropius were influential in training a new generation of American architects, and in particular they built a number of houses. This partnership ended in 1941 and Breuer set up practice in New York. His style of work from this time on was still modern, but became more varied. In housing, he adapted his style to American needs and used local materials in a functional manner. In the Whitney Museum (1966) he worked in a sculptural, granite-clad style. Often he utilized a bold reinforced-concrete form, as in his collaboration with Pier Luigi Nervi and Bernard Zehrfuss in the Paris UNESCO Building (1953–8) and the US Embassy in the Hague (1954–8). He displayed his masterly handling of poured concrete used in a strikingly expressionistic, sculptural manner in his St John's Abbey (1953–61) in Collegeville, Minnesota, and in 1973 his Church of St Francis de Sale in Michigan won him the top award of the American Institute of Architects.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

American Institute of Architects Medal of Honour 1964, Gold Medal 1968. Jefferson Foundation Medal 1968.

Bibliography

1955, Sun and Shadow, the Philosophy of an Architect, New York: Dodd Read (autobiography).

Further Reading

C.Jones (ed.), 1963, Marcel Breuer: Buildings and Projects 1921–1961, New York: Praeger.

T.Papachristou (ed.), 1970, Marcel Breuer: New Buildings and Projects 1960–1970, New York: Praeger.

DY

Biographical history of technology > Breuer, Marcel Lajos
17 Behrens, Peter

SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building

[br]

b. 14 April 1868 Hamburg, Germany

d. 27 February 1940 Berlin, Germany

[br]

German pioneer of modern architecture, developer of the combined use of steel, glass and concrete in industrial work.

[br]

During the 1890s Behrens, as an artist, was a member of the German branch of Sezessionismus and then moved towards Jugendstil (Art Nouveau) types of design in different media. His interest in architecture was aroused during the first years of the twentieth century, and a turning-point in his career was his appointment in 1907 as Artistic Supervisor and Consultant to AEG, the great Berlin electrical firm. His Turbine Factory (1909) in the city was a breakthrough in design and is still standing: in steel and glass, with visible girder construction, this is a truly functional modern building far ahead of its time. In 1910 two more of Behrens's factories were completed in Berlin, followed in 1913 by the great AEG plant at Riga, Latvia.

After the First World War Behrens was in great demand for industrial construction. He designed office schemes such as those at the Mannesmann Steel Works in Dusseldorf (1911–12; now destroyed) and, in a departure from his earlier work, was responsible for a more Expressionist form of design, mainly in brick, in his extensive complex for I.G.Farben at Höchst (1920–4).

In the years before the First World War, some of those who were later amongst the most famous names in modern architecture were among his pupils: Gropius, Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier (Charles-Edouard Jeanneret).

[br]

Further Reading

T.Buddenseig, 1979, Industrielkultur: Peter Behrens und die AEG 1907–14, Berlin: Mann.

W.Weber (ed.), 1966, Peter Behrens (1868–1940), Kaiserslautern, Germany: Pfalzgalerie.

DY

Biographical history of technology > Behrens, Peter
18 Carnegie, Andrew

SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

[br]

b. 25 November 1835 Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland

d. 11 August 1919 Lenox, Massachusetts, USA

[br]

Scottish industrialist and philanthropist.

[br]

Andrew Carnegie was a highly successful entrepreneur and steel industrialist rather than an engineer, but he made a significant contribution to engineering both through his work in industry and through his philanthropic and educational activities. His parents emigrated to the United States in 1848 and the family settled in Pennsylvania. Beginning as a telegraph boy in Pittsburgh in 1850, the young Carnegie rose through successful enterprises in railways, bridges, locomotives and rolling stock, pursuing a process of "Vertical integration" in the iron and steel industry which led to him becoming the leading American ironmaster by 1881. His interests in the Carnegie Steel Company were incorporated in the United States Steel Corporation in 1901, when Carnegie retired from business and devoted himself to philanthropy. He was particularly involved in benefactions to provide public libraries in the United States, Great Britain and other English-speaking countries. Remembering his ancestry, he was especially generous toward Scottish universities, as a result of which he was elected Rector of the University of St Andrews, Scotland's oldest university, by its students. Other large endowments were made for funds in recognition of heroic deeds, and he financed the building of the Temple of Peace at The Hague.

[br]

Bibliography

1889, The Gospel of Wealth (sets out his views on the responsible use of riches).

Further Reading

J.F.Wall, 1989, Andrew Carnegie, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.

AB

Biographical history of technology > Carnegie, Andrew
19 Freyssinet, Eugène

SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building, Civil engineering

[br]

b. 13 July 1879 Objat, Corrèze, France

d. 8 June 1962 Saint-Martin Vésubié, France

[br]

French civil engineer who is generally recognized as the originator of pre-stressed reinforced concrete.

[br]

Eugène Freyssinet was an army engineer during the First World War who pioneered pre-stressed reinforced concrete and experimented with building concrete bridges. After 1918 he formed his own company to develop his ideas. He investigated the possibilities of very high-strength concrete, and in so doing studied shrinkage and creep. He combined high-quality concrete with highly stressed, stretched steel to give top quality results. His work in 1926 on Plougastel Bridge, at that time the longest reinforced concrete bridge, is a notable example of his use of this technique. In 1916 Freyssinet had built his famous airship hangars at Orly, which were destroyed in the Second World War; the hangars were roofed in parabolic sections to a height of about 200 ft. In 1934 he succeeded in saving the Ocean Terminal at Le Havre from sinking into the mud and being covered by the sea by using his pre-stressing techniques. By 1938 he had developed a superior method of pre-stressing with steel which led to widespread adoption of his methods.

[br]

Further Reading

C.C.Stanley, 1979, Highlights in the History of Concrete, Cement and Concrete Association.

1977, Who's Who in Architecture, Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

DY

Biographical history of technology > Freyssinet, Eugène
20 unit

unit

n
1.   единица || единичный; удельный

2.   единичный вектор

3.   агрегат, установка

4.   сборочная единица; узел; блок; элемент ( конструкции); комплект; секция ( подводного тоннеля)

- unit of area
- unit of length
- accommodation unit
- activated sludge unit
- aerated concrete floor unit
- aerator-clarifier unit
- air conditioning unit
- air cooling unit
- air curtain unit
- air handling unit
- air mixing unit
- air-operated grease unit
- air supply unit
- air-to-air heat recovery unit
- aluminum deck unit
- audible alarm unit
- basement dwelling unit
- boiler unit
- bridge unit
- British thermal unit
- building unit
- cladding unit
- compound units
- compressor unit
- concrete building unit
- concrete core unit
- concrete injection unit
- condensing unit
- cooling unit
- cooling and heating unit
- crawler power unit
- decentralized air heating unit
- disposal unit
- diversion unit
- door unit
- door and frame packaged unit
- drainage fixture unit
- drying unit
- dwelling unit
- factory precast unit
- fan unit
- fan-assisted warm air unit
- fan coil unit
- filter unit
- fixture unit
- floor building unit
- floor unit
- folding bed unit
- four-wheeled power unit
- free delivery-type air conditioning unit
- free delivery-type unit
- gas control unit
- girder-deck unit
- glass building unit
- glass unit
- heating unit
- heat reclaim unit
- high pressure terminal unit
- indirect fan-assisted warm air heating unit
- induction unit
- industrially produced modular unit
- insulating glass unit
- intensive cure unit
- interlocking concrete units
- inverted U-shaped concrete unit
- kitchen building block unit
- latch unit
- living unit
- low pressure induction unit
- masonry unit
- mass-produced structural units
- modular unit
- modular masonry unit
- molded concrete unit
- multicast gang unit
- multizone unit
- neighborhood unit
- nonconforming unit
- packaged unit
- parallel wire unit
- passenger car unit
- plumbing unit
- post-tension unit
- power unit
- precast unit
- precast prestressed concrete unit
- prefabricated unit
- prefab unit
- prefabricated bathroom unit
- pressurization unit
- pump unit
- refrigerating unit
- reheat unit
- reheat induction unit
- residential unit
- roof extract unit
- roof top unit
- room unit
- sealed condensing unit
- sealed double glazed unit
- secondary unit
- self-contained cooling unit
- single duct unit
- sink unit
- solid masonry unit
- solids-control unit
- stabilizing unit attached to loader
- standby unit
- steel plate unit
- straightening unit
- structural unit
- supply fixture unit
- terminal unit
- three-bedroomed dwelling unit
- three-bedroom dwelling unit
- tile trim units
- turbidity unit
- two-wheeled power unit
- unitized unit
- unitized bathroom and lavatory block unit
- unitized kitchen unit
- urban unit
- warm air heating unit
- waste-disposal unit
- water correction unit
- water meter unit
- WC-and-bathroom unit
- window unit
- window and frame packaged unit
- zone terminal unit

Англо-русский строительный словарь. — М.: Русский Язык. С.Н.Корчемкина, С.К.Кашкина, С.В.Курбатова. 1995.

Англо-русский словарь строительных терминов > unit

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: с английского на все языки

steel building area

Тематики

Синонимы

EN

FR

Тематики

EN

См. также в других словарях:

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: с английского на все языки

steel building area

Тематики

Синонимы

EN

FR

Тематики

EN

См. также в других словарях:

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

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